SIMULTANEOUS POLYSUBSTANCE USE PATTERNS: POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE EXPERIENCED EFFECTS AND HARM REDUCTION STRATEGIES EMPLOYED
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21134/haaj.v22i1.687Keywords:
simultaneous polysubstance use, positive effects, negative effects, harm reduction strategies, electronic dance music partiesAbstract
Introduction: Although simultaneous polysubstance use (SPU) has been associated with more drug-related negative consequences than concurrent polysubstance use, most studies on polysubstance use, perceived effects, and harm reduction strategies employed have done so considering concurrent polysubstance use. Aim: To determine the SPU pattern from the report of the substances used simultaneously, and to examine the perceived positive and negative effects and the harm reduction strategies employed in assistants to electronic dance music parties with different SPU patterns. Methods: 214 polysubstance users and assistants to electronic dance music parties (55.1% men, between 18-59 years old) completed a questionnaire that assessed substance use, positive and negative effects experienced and harm reduction strategies employed. Results: >30 SPU patterns were identified that differed quanÂtitatively and qualitatively. In total, 8, 7 and 5 categories for positive and negative effects and harm reduction strateÂgies, respectively, were identified. Some of the reported effects and strategies were more prevalent in specific SPU patterns. Discussion: it is important to delve into the reported and unreported harm reduction strategies in order to design specific and appropriate harm reduction and preventive campaigns for assistants to electronic dance music parties with different SPU patterns.
Downloads
References
Allott, K., & Redman, J. (2006). Patterns of use and harm reduction practices of ecstasy users in Australia. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 82(2), 168-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2005.09.009
Arterberry, B. J., Smith, A. E., Martens, M. P., Cadigan, J. M., & Murphy, J. G. (2014). Protective behavioral strategies, social norms, and alcohol-related outcomes. Addiction research & theory, 22(4), 279-285. https://doi.org/10.3109/16066359.2013.838226
Ashton, C. H. (2001). Pharmacology and effects of cannabis: a brief review. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 178(2), 101-106. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.178.2.101
Baggio, S., Studer, J., Mohler-Kuo, M., Daeppen, J. B., & Gmel, G. (2014). Concurrent and simultaneous polydrug use among young Swiss males: Use patterns and associations of number of substances used with health issues. International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health, 26(2), 217-224. https://doi.org/10.1515/ijamh-2013-0305
Bailey, A. J., Farmer, E. J., & Finn, P. R. (2019). Patterns of polysubstance use and simultaneous co-use in high risk young adults. Drug and alcohol dependence, 205, 107656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107656
Baylen, C. A., & Rosenberg, H. (2006). A review of the acute subjective effects of MDMA/ecstasy. Addiction, 101(7), 933-947. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01423.x
Biolcati, R., & Mancini, G. (2018). Club Drugs and Rave Parties: A Pilot Study on Synthetic Drug Consumption Styles in a Sample of Young Italian Ravers. The Open Public Health Journal, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.2174/1874944501811010474
Boeri, M. W., Sterk, C. E., Bahora, M., & Elifson, K. W. (2008). Poly-drug use among ecstasy users: Separate, synergistic, and indiscriminate patterns. Journal of Drug Issues, 38(2), 517-541. https://doi.org/10.1177/002204260803800207
Brache, K., Stockwell, T., & Macdonald, S. (2012). Functions and harms associated with simultaneous polysubstance use involving alcohol and cocaine. Journal of Substance Use, 17(5-6), 399-416. https://doi.org/10.3109/14659891.2011.583313
Bravo, A. J., Prince, M. A., & Pearson, M. R. (2017). Marijuana Outcomes Study Team Can I use marijuana safely? An examination of distal antecedents, marijuana protective behavioral strategies, and marijuana outcomes. Journal of studies on alcohol and drugs, 78 (2), 203-212. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2017.78.203
Briere, F. N., Fallu, J. S., Descheneaux, A., & Janosz, M. (2011). Predictors and consequences of simultaneous alcohol and cannabis use in adolescents. Addictive Behaviors, 36(7), 785-788. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2011.02.012
Carlson, R. G., Falck, R. S., McCaughan, J. A., & Siegal, H. A. (2004). MDMA/Ecstasy use among young people in Ohio: Perceived risk and barriers to intervention. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 36(2), 181-189. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2004.10399728
Connor, J. P., Gullo, M. J., White, A., & Kelly, A. B. (2014). Polysubstance use: diagnostic challenges, patterns of use and health. Current opinion in psychiatry, 27(4), 269-275. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0000000000000069
Cummings, C., Beard, C., Habarth, J. M., Weaver, C., & Haas, A. (2019). Is the sum greater than its parts? Variations in substance-related consequences by conjoint alcohol-marijuana use patterns. Journal of psychoactive drugs, 51(4), 351-359. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2019.1599473
Daskalopoulou, M., Rodger, A., Phillips, A. N., Sherr, L., Speakman, A., Collins, S., Elford, J., Johnson, M. A., Gilson, R., Fisher, M., Wilkins, E., Anderson, J., McDonnell, J., Edwards, S., Perry, N., O'Connell, R., Lascar, M., Jones, M., Johnson, A. M., ... & Lampe, F. C. (2014). Recreational drug use, polydrug use, and sexual behaviour in HIV-diagnosed men who have sex with men in the UK: results from the cross-sectional ASTRA study. The lancet HIV, 1(1), 22-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3018(14)70001-3
Davis, A. K., & Rosenberg, H. (2016). Using the Theory of Planned Behavior to predict implementation of harm reduction strategies among MDMA/ecstasy users. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 30(4), 500-508. https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000167
Davis, C. N., Slutske, W. S., Martin, N. G., Agrawal, A., & Lynskey, M. T. (2019). Identifying subtypes of cannabis users based on simultaneous polysubstance use. Drug and alcohol dependence, 205, 107696. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107696
Doumas, D. M., Miller, R., & Esp, S. (2017). Impulsive sensation seeking, binge drinking, and alcohol-related consequences: Do protective behavioral strategies help high risk adolescents?. Addictive behaviors, 64, 6-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.08.003
Duff, C. (2008). The pleasure in context. International journal of drug policy, 19(5), 384-392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2007.07.003
Egan, K. L., Cox, M. J., Suerken, C. K., Reboussin, B. A., Song, E. Y., Wagoner, K. G., & Wolfson, M. (2019). More drugs, more problems? Simultaneous use of alcohol and marijuana at parties among youth and young adults. Drug and alcohol dependence, 202, 69-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.07.003
Engels, R. C., & Ter Bogt, T. (2004). Outcome expectancies and ecstasy use in visitors of rave parties in the Netherlands. European Addiction Research, 10(4), 156-162. https://doi.org/10.1159/000079836
Fernández Calderón, F., Díaz Batanero, C., Barratt, M. J., & Palamar, J. J. (2019). Harm reduction strategies related to dosing and their relation to harms among festival attendees who use multiple drugs. Drug and alcohol review, 38(1), 57-67. https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.12868
Fernández Calderón, F., Lozano Rojas, Ó. M., Bilbao Acedos, I., Rojas Tejada, A. J., Vidal Giné, C., Vergara Moragues, E., & González Saiz, F. (2011). Análisis de las diferencias en el perfil y patrón de consumo de drogas de hombres y mujeres que asisten a fiestas rave. Trastornos Adictivos, 13(4), 167-174. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1575-0973(11)70033-2
Fernández Calderón, F., Lozano Rojas, Ó. M., Bilbao Acedos, I., Rojas Tejada, A. J., Vidal Giné, C., Vergara Moragues, E., & González Saiz, F. (2012). Polysubstance use and associated effects at raves parties/Efectos asociados al policonsumo de drogas en fiestas rave. Health and Addictions/Salud y Drogas, 12(1), 37-59.
Fernández Calderón, F., Lozano Rojas, Ó., Rojas Tejada, A., Bilbao Acedos, I., Vidal Giné, C., Vergara Moragues, E., & González Saiz, F. (2014). Harm reduction behaviors among young polysubstance users at raves. Substance Abuse, 35(1), 45-50. https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2013.792760
Gordon, A. J., Conley, J. W., & Gordon, J. M. (2013). Medical consequences of marijuana use: a review of current literature. Current Psychiatry Reports, 15(12), 419. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-013-0419-7
Grov, C., Kelly, B. C., & Parsons, J. T. (2009). Polydrug use among club-going young adults recruited through time-space sampling. Substance use & misuse, 44(6), 848-864. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826080802484702
Hakkarainen, P., O’Gorman, A., Lamy, F., & Kataja, K. (2019). (Re)conceptualizing “Polydrug Use”: Capturing the Complexity of Combining Substances. Contemporary Drug Problems, 46(4), 400-417. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091450919884739
Hall, W. (2015). What has research over the past two decades revealed about the adverse health effects of recreational cannabis use?. Addiction, 110(1), 19-35. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.12703
Hannemann, T. V., Kraus, L., & Piontek, D. (2017). Consumption patterns of nightlife attendees in Munich: a latent-class analysis. Substance use & misuse, 52(11), 1511-1521. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2017.1290115
Harrell, P. T., Mancha, B. E., Petras, H., Trenz, R. C., & Latimer, W. W. (2012). Latent classes of heroin and cocaine users predict unique HIV/HCV risk factors. Drug and alcohol dependence, 122(3), 220-227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.10.001
Herzig, D. A., & Bachmann, S. (2017). Cannabis and clubbing: Relevance of cannabis and polydrug use in the clubbing culture today. En V. R. Preedly (Ed.) Handbook of Cannabis and Related Pathologies (pp. 171-179). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-800756-3.00020-X
Hunt, G., Bailey, N., Evans, K., & Moloney, M. (2009). Combining different substances in the dance scene: Enhancing pleasure, managing risk and timing effects. Journal of drug issues, 39(3), 495-522. https://doi.org/10.1177/002204260903900303
Iudici, A., Castelnuovo, G., & Faccio, E. (2015). New drugs and polydrug use: implications for clinical psychology. Frontiers in psychology, 6, 267. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00267
Jacinto, C., Duterte, M., Sales, P., & Murphy, S. (2008). Maximising the highs and minimising the lows: Harm reduction guidance within ecstasy distribution networks. International Journal of Drug Policy, 19(5), 393-400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2007.09.003
Karjalainen, K., Kuussaari, K., Kataja, K., Tigerstedt, C., & Hakkarainen, P. (2017). Measuring concurrent polydrug use in general populations: A critical assessment. European Addiction Research, 23(3), 163-169. https://doi.org/10.1159/000477802
Kataja, K., Karjalainen, K., Savonen, J., Hakkarainen, P., & Hautala, S. (2019). How do people attribute their polydrug use? A mixed methods approach. Deviant Behavior, 40(9), 1157-1170. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2018.1472931
Kelly, A. B., Evansâ€Whipp, T. J., Smith, R., Chan, G. C., Toumbourou, J. W., Patton, G. C., Hemphill, S. A., Hall, W. D., & Catalano, R. F. (2015). A longitudinal study of the association of adolescent polydrug use, alcohol use and high school nonâ€completion. Addiction, 110(4), 627-635. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.12829
Kelly, B. C. (2007). Club drug use and risk management among “Bridge and Tunnel” youth. Journal of Drug Issues, 37(2), 425-443. https://doi.org/10.1177/002204260703700210
Kuntsche, E., Knibbe, R., Gmel, G., & Engels, R. (2005). Why do young people drink? A review of drinking motives. Clinical psychology review, 25(7), 841-861. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2005.06.002
Lee, C. M., Cadigan, J. M., & Patrick, M. E. (2017). Differences in reporting of perceived acute effects of alcohol use, marijuana use, and simultaneous alcohol and marijuana use. Drug and alcohol dependence, 180, 391-394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.08.029
Liu, Y., Williamson, V., Setlow, B., Cottler, L. B., & Knackstedt, L. A. (2018). The importance of considering polysubstance use: lessons from cocaine research. Drug and alcohol dependence, 192, 16-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.07.025
Measham, F., & Moore, K. (2009). Repertoires of distinction: Exploring patterns of weekend polydrug use within local leisure scenes across the English night time economy. Criminology & Criminal Justice, 9(4), 437-464. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748895809343406
Moody, L., Franck, C., Hatz, L., & Bickel, W. K. (2016). Impulsivity and polysubstance use: A systematic comparison of delay discounting in mono-, dual-, and trisubstance use. Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology, 24(1), 30-37. https://doi.org/10.1037/pha0000059
Morley, K. I., Lynskey, M. T., Moran, P., Borschmann, R., & Winstock, A. R. (2015). Polysubstance use, mental health and highâ€risk behaviours: Results from the 2012 Global Drug Survey. Drug and alcohol review, 34(4), 427-437. https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.12263
Observatorio Europeo de las Drogas y las Toxicomanías (2019). Informe europeo sobre drogas 2019: Tendencias y novedades. Editorial Oficina de Publicaciones de la Unión Europea, http://hdl.handle.net/10234/188059
O’Gorman, A. (2016). Chillin, buzzin, getting mangled, and coming down: Doing differentiated normalisation in risk environments. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, 23(3), 247-254. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687637.2016.1176991
Østergaard, J., Østergaard, S. V., & Fletcher, A. (2016). Preferences for simultaneous polydrug use: a comparative study of young adults in England and Denmark. Contemporary Drug Problems, 43(4), 350-368. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091450916661372
Palamar, J. J., & Keyes, K. M. (2020). Trends in drug use among electronic dance music party attendees in New York City, 2016–2019. Drug and alcohol dependence, 209, 107889. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.107889
Palamar, J. J., Acosta, P., Sherman, S., Ompad, D. C., & Cleland, C. M. (2016). Self-reported use of novel psychoactive substances among attendees of electronic dance music venues. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 42(6), 624-632. https://doi.org/10.1080/00952990.2016.1181179
Pearson, M. R. (2013). Use of alcohol protective behavioral strategies among college students: A critical review. Clinical psychology review, 33(8), 1025-1040. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2013.08.006
Pearson, M. R., & Henson, J. M. (2013). Unplanned drinking and alcohol-related problems: a preliminary test of the model of unplanned drinking behavior. Psychology of addictive behaviors, 27(3), 584-595. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030901
Pedersen, E. R., Hummer, J. F., Rinker, D. V., Traylor, Z. K., & Neighbors, C. (2016). Measuring protective behavioral strategies for marijuana use among young adults. Journal of studies on alcohol and drugs, 77(3), 441-450. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2016.77.441
Peters, G. J. Y., Kok, G., & Schaalma, H. P. (2008). Careers in ecstasy use: do ecstasy users cease of their own accord? Implications for intervention development. BMC Public Health, 8(1), 376. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-8-376
Quek, L. H., Chan, G. C., White, A., Connor, J. P., Baker, P., Saunders, J. B., & Kelly, A. B. (2013). Concurrent and simultaneous polydrug use: latent class analysis of an Australian nationally representative sample of young adults. Frontiers in public health, 1, 61. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2013.00061
Rigg, K. K. (2017). Motivations for using MDMA (ecstasy/molly) among African Americans: Implications for prevention and harm-reduction programs. Journal of psychoactive drugs, 49(3), 192-200. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2017.1305518
Rigg, K. K., & Sharp, A. (2018). Deaths related to MDMA (ecstasy/molly): prevalence, root causes, and harm reduction interventions. Journal of Substance Use, 23(4), 345-352. https://doi.org/10.1080/14659891.2018.1436607
Riley, S. C., & Hayward, E. (2004). Patterns, trends, and meanings of drug use by dance-drug users in Edinburgh, Scotland. Drugs: education, prevention and policy, 11(3), 243-262. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687630310001643111
Sañudo, A., Andreoni, S., & Sanchez, Z. M. (2015). Polydrug use among nightclub patrons in a megacity: A latent class analysis. International Journal of Drug Policy, 26(12), 1207-1214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2015.07.012
Ter Bogt, T. F. M., & Engels, R. C. M. E. (2005). “Partying” hard: party style, motives for and effects of MDMA use at rave parties. Substance use & misuse, 40(9-10), 1479-1502. https://doi.org/10.1081/JA-200066822
Treloar, H., Martens, M.P., McCarthy, D.M. (2015). The Protective Behavioral Strategies Scale-20: Improved content validity of the Serious Harm Reduction subscale. Psychological assessment, 27(1), 340-346. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000071
Van Havere, T., Vanderplasschen, W., Lammertyn, J., Broekaert, E., & Bellis, M. (2011). Drug use and nightlife: more than just dance music. Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy, 6(1), 18. https://doi.org/10.1186/1747-597X-6-18
Vera, B., Carmona Márquez, J., Vidal Giné, C., & Fernández Calderón, F. (2021). Harm reduction strategies and drug-related negative consequences in the dance music scene: the moderating role of polysubstance use. Substance Use & Misuse, 56(6), 777-781. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2021.1892144
Vera, B., Vidal Giné, C., Lozano, O., & Fernández Calderón, F. (2020). Harm reduction behaviors among polysubstance users who consume ecstasy: can they reduce the negative consequences? An exploratory study. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, 27(1), 49-59. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687637.2018.1544225
White, A., Chan, G. C., Quek, L. H., Connor, J. P., Saunders, J. B., Baker, P., Brackenridge, C., & Kelly, A. B. (2013). The topography of multiple drug use among adolescent Australians: Findings from the National Drug Strategy Household Survey. Addictive Behaviors, 38(4), 2068-2073. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.01.001
White, B., Degenhardt, L., Breen, C., Bruno, R., Newman, J., & Proudfoot, P. (2006). Risk and benefit perceptions of party drug use. Addictive behaviors, 31(1), 137-142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.04.003
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Health and Addictions Journal/Revista Salud y Drogas

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors publishing in this journal agree to the journal's statement of ethical principles and to the following terms:
The rights of the published material shall belong to their respective authors. Articles published in HAAJ may be used under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International license, and may be read, copied, distributed, printed, searched, or linked to in the full text of this journal without prior permission from the publisher or author, provided that HAAJ and the authors are acknowledged and not used for commercial purposes.
Authors may include the work in institutional repositories or other publications as long as this journal is acknowledged and properly cited.
The HAAJ editorial team encourages authors to disseminate their published work through any means (conferences, classes, lectures, talks, etc.) and/or platforms (social networks, repositories, websites, etc.).
HAAJ follows the Core Practices of COPE (Committee on Publication Ethics).