Longitudinal analysis of differences in cognitive abilities among high school alcohol users from Alicante /Análisis longitudinal de diferencias en habilidades cognitivas entre estudiantes de bachillerato consumidores de alcohol de la provincia de Alicante
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21134/haaj.v11i2.17Keywords:
Alcohol, abuso, habilidades cognitivas, adolescentes. / Keywords, abuse, cognitive abilities, adolescentsAbstract
La evidencia empírica ha puesto de manifiesto la relación entre el consumo excesivo de alcohol y el empeoramiento de determinadas funciones cognitivas. El objetivo de este estudio ha sido analizar la influencia del consumo abusivo de alcohol en el rendimiento cognitivo a través de un seguimiento de adolescentes consumidores. Se han utilizado varios cuestionarios para recoger el perfil adictivo de los jóvenes y para evaluar el rendimiento de los sujetos en tareas que implican ciertas habilidades cognitivas (atención, percepción y razonamiento). De un total de 246 estudiantes de la provincia de Alicante, completaron el seguimiento 42 estudiantes de bachillerato, de entre 16 y 20 años, siendo 21 consumidores de riesgo y 21 de bajo riesgo. El seguimiento realizado fue de un año de duración. En cuanto a los resultados, los datos del seguimiento mostraron un aumento del consumo de alcohol, así como del consumo de otras sustancias, como el tabaco y cannabis. Por lo que respecta al rendimiento cognitivo de los sujetos, aquellos con un consumo abusivo empeoraron sus resultados en el Test de Aptitud Perceptiva con respecto a la primera evaluación, en contraposición a los adolescentes que no cumplían criterios de abuso, que los mejoraron (p<0,05). Resultan necesarios futuros estudios, con un mayor tamaño muestral y una duración más amplia del seguimiento, en el que puedan confirmarse las tendencias presentadas en este trabajo.
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Abstract
Empirical evidence has shown the relationship between alcohol abuse and the impairment of certain cognitive abilities. The aim of this paper was to analyze the influence of alcohol abuse on adolescents’ cognitive performance. Several questionnaires were used to assess adolescents’ addictive profile, as well as their performance on tasks involving cognitive abilities, such as attention, perception and reasoning. A total of 42 students, from an initial sample of 246 adolescents, completed the follow-up. Participants, aged between 16 and 20, were classified in two groups (21 consumers at risk and 21 consumers at low risk) and followed for one year. Results showed an increase of alcohol, tobacco and cannabis use during the follow-up. Considering data from both initial and final assessment, adolescents who met abuse criteria showed worse results than those with a non-abusive use in the Perceptual Ability Test (p<0,05). Future studies, with a larger sample size and a longer follow-up, are necessary to confirm the trends presented in this paper.
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