Analyses of factors that influence alcohol use among children: a prospective path analysis / Análisis de factores que influyen sobre el uso de alcohol de niños: un path análisis prospectivo
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21134/haaj.v12i2.1Keywords:
Consumo de alcohol, niños, estudio longitudinal, predictores del uso de alcohol / Keywords, Alcohol consumption, children, longitudinal study, predictors of drinking.Abstract
Este estudio tuvo como objetivos analizar el impacto que diferentes factores de riesgo y un factor de protección tienen sobre la frecuencia de consumo de alcohol de los niños. Además, se buscó analizar el rol mediaÂdor de las expectativas hacia el alcohol en la relación que antecedentes más distales mantienen sobre el uso de alcohol. Finalmente, se examinó qué manera el uso de alcohol inicial influye sobre las expectativas hacia el alcohol posteriores. Para esto, se empleó un diseño prospectivo con más de un eslabón causal. Participaron 267 niños (63% mujeres; Media de edad al inicio del estudio= 10.52; DT = 1.22) asistentes a colegios priÂvados y públicos de educación primaria (desde tercer hasta sexto grado) de la ciudad de Córdoba (Argentina). En la mayoría de las provincias Argentinas la educación primaria consta de 6 niveles, cada uno de un año de duración. Se emplearon instrumentos para medir los rasgos de personalidad, expectativas hacia el alcohol, motivos de consumo de alcohol, percepción del consumo de alcohol de pares y padres, apoyo parental percibido y consumo de alcohol de los niños. Se realizaron dos administraciones de todos los instrumentos, una medición inicial y otra medición doce meses después. Como paso previo del path análisis se realizaron análisis preliminares. En primer lugar se realizó un Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio de las escalas utilizadas en este estudio, para obtener evidencia estadística que respalde el uso de cada medida. Luego, se realizaron análisis de varianza (ANOVA) y se calculó el grado de asoÂciación entre las variables señaladas como predictoras de la frecuencia de consumo de alcohol. Finalmente, para determinar el efecto de los factoÂres de riesgo y del factor de protección sobre la frecuencia de consumo de alcohol de niños, se aplicó un path análisis. Las variables que mejor explicaron la frecuencia de consumo de alcohol un año después fueron la frecuencia de consumo de alcohol inicial, los motivos de consumo en contextos parentales y el consumo de alcohol de los pares. El resto de las variables, menos el factor de protección (apoyo social parental), influÂyeron de manera significativa, aunque explicaron un menor porcentaje de la varianza. Los rasgos responsabilidad y extroversión fueron menos relevantes para explicar la frecuencia de consumo de alcohol.
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AbstractThe present study was aimed to analyze the impact of different risk factors and one protective factor on the frequency of alcohol consumption in children. In addition, it was sought to analyze the meditational role of alcohol expectancies in the relation between more distal factors and alcohol use. Finally, it was examined how initial use of alcohol affected initial alcohol expectancies. A prospective design with more than two causal links was used. Participants were 267 children (63% female, Mean age at baseline = 10.52, SD = 1.22) attending public and private schools for primary education (from third to sixth grade) from the city of Córdoba (Argentina). Different scales were used to measure personality traits, alcohol expectancies, drinking motives, perceived peer alcohol use, perceived parental alcohol use, participants’ alcohol use, and perceived parental social support. There were two administrations of all instruments, a baseline and twelve months after another measurement. First, a confirmatory factor analysis was conducted for each of the scales, to obtain statistical evidence to support the use of each scale. Next, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and bivariate analyses were performed between the variables identified as predictors of frequency of alcohol consumption. Finally, to determine the effect that each of the factors included in the study had on frequency of alcohol consumption, a path analysis was conducted. The variables that best explained the frequency of alcohol use one year later were frequency of initial alcohol use, drinking motives in parental and peer contexts. All the remaining variables, but not the protective factor (parental social support), explained a smaller proportion of the total variance. Contentiousness and extroversion traits were less relevant to explain the frequency of alcohol use in children.
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