Intervenciones basadas en mindfulness para la prevención de recaídas en el consumo de alcohol: una revisión sistemática

Mónica Bernaldo-de-Quirós; Alejandro Amores

doi:10.21134/haaj.v24i1.792

Autores/as

Mónica Bernaldo-de-Quirós
Alejandro Amores

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21134/haaj.v24i1.792

Palabras clave:

Alcohol, Mindfulness, craving, eficacia, prevención de recaídas

Resumen

Introducción: las tasas de recaída en el consumo de alcohol se mantienen elevadas durante el seguimiento tras el tra-tamiento con intervenciones psicológicas de eficacia demostrada. Las intervenciones basadas en mindfulness (IBM) pueden ser una alternativa pero es necesario demostrar la eficacia y mecanismos de acción de estas intervenciones. Objetivo: la presente revisión sistemática trata de evaluar la eficacia de las IBM en el consumo de alcohol en pobla-ción adulta. Metodología: se realizó una búsqueda de ensayos clínicos publicados entre los años 2016 y 2021 en las bases de datos PubMed, PsycInfo y Web of Science. El informe de esta revisión se realizó siguiendo las recomendacio-nes de la declaración PRISMA. Resultados: Se encuentran resultados favorables en reducción del deseo de consumo y de la cantidad de bebida, así como mejoras en la gestión del afecto negativo y el estrés. Las IBM pueden fomentar una mayor tolerancia al estrés a través del aprendizaje de técnicas de regulación adaptativas. Conclusión: las IBM y componentes de mindfulness parecen ser útiles para la reducción de factores de riesgo de recaída en el consumo de alcohol, como estrategia combinada con otras intervenciones eficaces. No obstante, la heterogeneidad de resultados y diseños metodológicos no permiten extraer conclusiones definitivas.

Descargas

Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.

Citas

American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. DSM-IV-TR (4th Ed., Text Revision). American Psychiatric Association.

American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. DSM-5 (5th Ed.). American Psychiatric Association.

Bednar, K., Voracek, M., & Tran, U. S. (2020). Common Factors Underlying the Five Facets of Mindfulness and Pro- posed Mechanisms: A Psychometric Study Among Meditators and Non-meditators. Mindfulness, 11, 2804-2817. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-020-01492-6

Bowen, S., Witkiewitz, K., Clifasefi, S. L., Grow, J., Chawla, N., Hsu, S. H., Carroll, H. A., Harrop, E., Collins, S. E., Lustyk,

M. K., & Larimer, M. E. (2014). Relative efficacy of mindfulness-based relapse prevention, standard relapse preven- tion, and treatment as usual for substance use disorders: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA psychiatry, 71(5), 547–556. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.4546

Brown, D. R., Jackson, T., Claus, E. D., Votaw, V. R., Stein, E. R., Robinson, C., Wilson, A. D., Brandt, E., Fratzke, V., Clark, V. P., & Witkiewitz, K. (2020). Decreases in the Late Positive Potential to Alcohol Images Among Alcohol Treatment Seek- ers Following Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 55(1), 78–85. https://doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agz096

Byrne, S. P., Haber, P., Baillie, A., Costa, D., Fogliati, V., & Morley, K. (2019). Systematic Reviews of Mindfulness and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Alcohol Use Disorder: Should we be using Third Wave Therapies? Alcohol and Alcoholism, 54(2), 159–166. https://doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agy089

Caselli, G., Gemelli, A., Spada, M. M., & Wells, A. (2016). Experimental modification of perspective on thoughts and metacognitive beliefs in alcohol use disorders. Psychiatry Research, 244, 57-61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2016.07.029

Cavicchioli, M., Movalli, M.; & Maffei, C. (2018). The Clinical Efficacy of Mindfulness-Based Treatments for Alcohol and Drugs Use Disorders: A Meta-Analytic Review of Randomized and Nonrandomized Controlled Trials. European Addiction Research, 24(3), 137–162. https://doi.org/10.1159/000490762

Coriale, G., Fiorentino, D., De Rosa, F., Solombrino, S., Scalese, B., Ciccarelli, R., Attilia, F., Vitali, M., Musetti, A., Fiore, M., Ceccanti, M., & Interdisciplinary Study Group CRARL, SITAC, SIPaD, SITD, SIPDip (2018). Treatment of alcohol use disorder from a psychological point of view. Trattamento del disturbo da uso di alcol da un punto di vista psicologi- co. Rivista di Psichiatria, 53(3), 141–148. https://doi.org/10.1708/2925.29416

Cortés-Tomás, M. T., Fernández-Artamendi, S., García-Parreño, B., Martínez-Loredo, V., & Sierra-Serrano, R. (2018). In- tervenciones Psicológicas basadas en la evidencia en trastornos adictivos. En C. Pereiro-Gómez, & J. J. FernáNdez-Mi- randa (Coords.), Guía de adicciones para especialistas en formación (pp., 389-438). Socidrogalcohol.

Cotter, E. W., Hawthorne, D. J., Gerker, C., Norman, M., & Fotang, J. P. (2021). A pilot mindfulness intervention to reduce heavy episodic drinking. Journal of College Counseling, 24(2), 178-192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jocc.12184

Delonca, D., Trouillet, R., Alarcon, R., Nalpas, B., & Perney, P. (2021). Relationships between Attentional Bias and craving in Alcohol Use Disorder: Role of metacognitions. Addictive Behaviors, 117, Article 106846. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.106846

Durazzo, T. C., & Meyerhoff, D. J. (2017). Psychiatric, demographic and brain morphological predictors of relapse after treatment for an alcohol use disorder. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 41(1), 107–116. https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.13267

Flórez-Menéndez G., Balcells-Valls, M., Uzal-Fernández, C., Domínguez-Vázquez, I., & Balseiro-Mazaira, E. (2018). Al- cohol. En C. Pereiro-Gómez, & J. J. Fernández-Miranda (Coords.), Guía de adicciones para especialistas en formación (pp., 77-114). Socidrogalcohol.

Fonseca, E., Pérez-Alvarez, M., Al-Halabí, S., Inchausti, F., Muñiz, J., López-Navarro, E., Albéniz, A. P. D., Molina, B. L., Debbané, M., Bobes-Bascarán, M. T., Gimeno-Peón, A., Prado-Abril, J., Fernández-Álvarez, J., Rodríguez-Testal, J. F., Pando, D. G., Díez-Gómez, A., Montes, J. M. G., Cerdán, L. G., Osma, J., ...Marrero, R. J. (2021). Tratamientos Psicologicos Empiricamente Apoyados Para Adultos: Una Revision Selectiva. Psicothema, 33(2), 188-197. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2020.426

Glantz, M. D., Bharat, C., Degenhardt, L., Sampson, N. A., Scott, K. M., Lim, C., Al-Hamzawi, A., Alonso, J., Andrade, L. H., Cardoso, G., De Girolamo, G., Gureje, O., He, Y., Hinkov, H., Karam, E. G., Karam, G., Kovess-Masfety, V., Lasebikan, V., Lee, S., Levinson, D., … WHO World Mental Health Survey Collaborators (2020). The epidemiology of alcohol use disorders cross-nationally: Findings from the World Mental Health Surveys. Addictive Behaviors, 102, Article 106128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106128

Goldberg, S. B., Pace, B., Griskaitis, M., Willutzki, R., Skoetz, N., Thoenes, S., Zgierska, A. E., & Rösner, S. (2021). Mind- fulness-based interventions for substance use disorders. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 10(10), CD011723. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011723.pub2

Gonçalves-Gallo, G., Fernández-Curado, D., Sátiro-Opaleye, E., Gonçalves-Donate, A. P., Villar-Scattone, V., & Noto, A. R. (2021). Impulsivity and Mindfulness among Inpatients with Alcohol Use Disorder. Substance Use and Misuse 56(1), 25–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2020.1833924

Gradolí, V. T., Climent, B., Gual, A., Fernández, J. J., Miquel, L., Bravo de Medina, R., Monras, M., & Rio, M. (2013). Intervención bio-psico-social para los tratamientos relacionados con el consumo de alcohol. En F. Pascual-Pastor, J. Giardia-Serecigni, C. Pereiro-Gómez, & J. Bobes-García (Coords.), Alcoholismo. Guía de intervención en el trastorno por consumo de alcohol. Guías clínicas SOCIDROGALCOHOL basadas en la evidencia científica (pp., 139-265). Socidrogalcohol.

Grant, S., Colaiaco, B., Motala, A., Shanman, R., Booth, M., Sorbero, M., & Hempel, S. (2017). Mindfulness-based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Journal of Addiction Medi- cine, 11(5), 386–396. https://doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000338

González-Menéndez, A., García-Fernández, G., Krotter, A., & González-Roz, A. (2022). Terapias contextuales. En R. Se- cades-Villa, G. García-Fernández, & S. Fernández-Artamendi (Eds.), Manual de conducta adictivas: Teoría, evaluación y tratamiento (pp., 315-338). Ediciones Pirámide.

Hallgren, K. A., Holzhauer, C. G., Epstein, E. E., McCrady, B. S., & Cook, S. (2021). Optimizing the length and reliability of measures of mechanisms of change to support measurement-based care in alcohol use disorder treatment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 89(4), 277–287. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000643

Hansen, E. M., Mejldal, A., & Nielsen, A. S. (2020). Predictors of Readmission Following Outpatient Treatment for Al- cohol Use Disorder. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 55(3), 291-298. https://doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agaa018

Hervás, G., Cebolla, A., & Soler, J. (2016). Intervenciones psicológicas basadas en mindfulness y sus beneficios: estado actual de la cuestión. Clínica y Salud, 27, 115-124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clysa.2016.09.002

Hsiao, Y. Y., Tofighi, D., Kruger, E. S., Lee Van Horn, M., MacKinnon, D. P., & Witkiewitz, K. (2019). The (Lack of) Replica- tion of Self-Reported Mindfulness as a Mechanism of Change in Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders. Mindfulness, 10(4), 724–736. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-018-1023-z

Im, S., Stavas, J., Lee, J., Mir, Z., Hazlett-Stevens, H., & Caplovitz, G. (2021). Does mindfulness-based intervention improve cognitive function?: A meta-analysis of controlled studies. Clinical Psychology Review, 84, Article 101972. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2021.101972

Kamboj, S. K., Irez, D., Serfaty, S., Thomas, E., Das, R. K., & Freeman, T. P. (2017). Ultra-Brief Mindfulness Training Reduces Alcohol Consumption in At-Risk Drinkers: A Randomized Double-Blind Active-Controlled Experiment. The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 20(11), 936–947. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyx064

Kaner, E. F., Beyer, F. R., Muirhead, C. , Campbell, F., Pienaar, E.D., Bertholet, N., Daeppen, J. B., Saunders, J. B., & Burnand, B. (2018). Effectiveness of brief alcohol interventions in primary care populations. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2. CD004148. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004148.pub4

Karch, S., Keeser, D., Hümmer, S., Paolini, M., Kirsch, V., Karali, T., Kupka, M., Rauchmann, B. S., Chrobok, A., Blautzik, J., Koller, G., Ertl-Wagner, B., & Pogarell, O. (2015). Modulation of Craving Related Brain Responses Using Real-Time fMRI in Patients with Alcohol Use Disorder. PloS One, 10(7), Article e0133034. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0133034

Karyadi, K. A., VanderVeen, J. D., & Cyders, M. A. (2014). A Meta-Analysis of the Relationship between Trait Mind- fulness and Substance Use Behaviors. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 143, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.07.014

Korecki, J. R., Schwebel, F. J., Votaw, V. R., & Witkiewitz, K. (2020). Mindfulness-based programs for substance use disorders: a systematic review of manualized treatments. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention and Policy, 15(1), 51. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13011-020-00293-3

Kuhlemeier, A., Desai, Y., Tonigan, A., Witkiewitz, K., Jaki, T., Hsiao, Y., Chang, C., & Horn, L. V. (2021). Applying meth- ods for personalized medicine to the treatment of alcohol use disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 89(4), 288-300. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000634

Lado-Codesido, M., Iglesias-Pérez, A., Novo-Ponte, A., & Pereiro-Gómez, C. (2018). La atención a las conductas adicti- vas en los servicios de urgencias. En C. Pereiro-Gómez, & J. J. Fernández-Miranda (Coords.), Guía de adicciones para especialistas en formación (pp., 349-388). Valencia, España: Socidrogalcohol.

Law, M., Stewart, D., Pollock, N., Letts, L., Bosch, J., & Westmorland, M. (1998). Critical Review Form – Quantitative Studies. Ontario: McMaster University.

Li, W., Howard, M. O., Garland, E. L., McGovern, P., & Lazar, M. (2017). Mindfulness treatment for substance misuse: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 75, 62-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2017.01.008

McCaul, M. E., Hutton, H. E., Stephens, M. A., Xu, X., & Wand, G. S. (2017). Anxiety, Anxiety Sensitivity, and Perceived Stress as Predictors of Recent Drinking, Alcohol Craving, and Social Stress Response in Heavy Drinkers. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 41(4), 836–845. https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.13350

Magill, M., Ray, L., Kiluk, B., Hoadley, A., Bernstein, M., Tonigan, J. S., & Carroll, K. (2019). A meta-analysis of cogni- tive-behavioral therapy for alcohol or other drug use disorders: Treatment efficacy by contrast condition. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 87(12), 1093–1105. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000447

Maisto, S. A., Hallgren, K. A., Roos, C. R., Swan, J. E., & Witkiewitz, K. (2020). Patterns of transitions between relap- se to and remission from heavy drinking over the first year after outpatient alcohol treatment and their relation to long-term outcomes. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 88(12), 1119-1132. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000615

Maisto, S. A., Witkiewitz, K., Moskal, D., & Wilson, A. D. (2016). Is the Construct of Relapse Heuristic, and Does It Advance Alcohol Use Disorder Clinical Practice? Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 77(6), 849–858. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2016.77.849

Marcovitz, D. E., McHugh, R. K., Roos, C., West, J. J., & Kelly, J. (2020). Overlapping Mechanisms of Recovery Between Professional Psychotherapies and Alcoholics Anonymous. Journal of Addiction Medicine, 14(5), 367–375. https://doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000601

Muñoz-López, M., Ausín-Benito, B., & Panadero-Herrero, S. (2019). Evaluación de seguimiento y resultados. En M. Muñoz-López, B. Ausín-Benito, & S. Panadero-Herrero (Eds.), Manual práctico de evaluación psicológica clínica (pp., 287-315). Editorial Síntesis.

Nandrino, J. L., Claisse, C., Duprez, C., Defrance, L., Brunelle, E., Naassila, M., & Gandolphe, M. C. (2021). Training emo- tion regulation processes in alcohol-abstinent individuals: A pilot study. Addicitive Behaviors, 114, 106652. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106652

Nona, C. N., Hendershot, C. S., & Lê, A. D. (2018). Behavioural sensitization to alcohol: Bridging the gap between preclinical research and human models. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 173, 15-26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2018.08.003

Observatorio Español de las Drogas y las Adicciones (2021). Informe 2021. Alcohol, tabaco y drogas ilegales en Espa- ña. Ministerio de Sanidad. Delegación del Gobierno para el Plan Nacional sobre Drogas.

Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J. M., Hróbjartsson, A., Lalu, M. M., Li, T., Loder, E. W., Ma- yo-Wilson, E., McDonald, S., … y Moher, D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 Statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 134, 178-189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2021.03.001

Priddy, S. E., Howard, M. O., Hanley, A. W., Riquino, M. R., Friberg-Felsted, K., & Garland, E. L. (2018). Mindfulness meditation in the treatment of substance use disorders and preventing future relapse: neurocognitive mechanisms and clinical implications. Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation, 9, 103–114. https://doi.org/10.2147/SAR.S145201

Ray, L. A., Bujarski, S., Grodin, E., Hartwell, E., Green, R., Venegas, A., Lim, A. C., Gillis, A., & Miotto, K. (2019). State- of-the-art Behavioral and Pharmacological Treatments for Alcohol Use Disorder. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 45(2), 124–140. https://doi.org/10.1080/00952990.2018.1528265

Rehm, J., Anderson P., Barry, J., Dimitrov, P., Elekes, Z., Feijâo, F., Frcik, U., Gual, A., Gmel, G., Kraus, L., Marmet, S., Raninen, J., Rehm, M. X., Scafato, E., Shield, K., D., Trapencieris, M., & Gmel, G. (2015). Prevalence of and po- tential influencing factors for alcohol dependence in Europe. European Addiction Research, 21(1), 6-18. https://doi.org/10.1159/000365284

Sancho, M., De Gracia, M., Rodríguez, R. C., Mallorquí-Bagué, N., Sánchez-González, J., Trujols, J., Sánchez, I., Jimé- nez-Murcia, S., & Menchón, J. M. (2018). Mindfulness-Based Interventions for the Treatment of Substance and Be- havioral Addictions: A Systematic Review. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9, 95. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00095

Sanvisens, A., Zuluaga, P., Rivas, I., Rubio, G., Gual, A., Torrens, M., Short, A., Álvarez, F. J., Tor, J., Farré, M., Rodríguez De Fonseca, F., Muga, R., & CohRTA (2018). Pacientes con trastornos por uso de alcohol: resultados iniciales de un Registro multicéntrico en la Red de Trastornos Adictivos-RTA. Estudio CohRTA. Adicciones, 30(4). 292-300. http://dx.doi.org/10.20882/adicciones.931

Schuman-Olivier, Z., Trombka, M., Lovas, D. A., Brewer, J. A., Vago, D. R., Gawande, R., Dunne, J. P., Lazar, S. W., Loucks, E. B., & Fulwiler, C. (2020). Mindfulness and Behavior Change. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 28(6), 371–394. https://doi.org/10.1097/HRP.0000000000000277

Shuai, R., Bakou, A. E., Hardy, L., & Hogarth, L. (2020). Ultra-brief breath counting (mindfulness) training promotes recovery from stress-induced alcohol-seeking in student drinkers. Addictive Behaviors, 102, Article 106141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106141

Sliedrecht, W., De Waart, R., Witkiewitz, K., & Roozen, H. G. (2019). Alcohol use disorder relapse factors: A systematic review. Psychiatry Research, 278, 97-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2019.05.038

Stanley, R., Ayyanar, S., Venkatasamy, R., & Anto, J. V. (2019). A Study of Factors Associated with Relapse of Drink- ing during a 1 Year Follow-up: A Retrospective Cohort of 70 Males Treated as In-Patient for Alcohol Dependence Syndrome. International Journal of Contemporary Medicine Surgery and Radiology, 4(2), B76-B79. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/ijcmsr.2019.4.2.17

Stasiewicz, P. R., Bradizza, C. M., Schlauch, R. C., Coffey, S. F., Gulliver, S. B., Gudleski, G. D., & Bole, C. W. (2013). Affect regulation training (ART) for alcohol use disorders: development of a novel intervention for negative affect drink- ers. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 45(5), 433–443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2013.05.012

Tapper, K. (2018). Mindfulness and craving: effects and mechanisms. Clinical Psychology Review, 59, 101-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2017.11.003

Taren, A. A., Gianaros, P. J., Greco, C. M., Lindsay, E. K., Fairgrieve, A., Brown, K. W., Rosen, R. K., Ferris, J. L., Julson, E., Marsland, A. L., & Creswell, J. D. (2017). Mindfulness Meditation Training and Executive Control Network Resting State Functional Connectivity: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Psychosomatic Medicine, 79(6), 674–683. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0000000000000466

Tavolacci, M. P., Berthon, Q., Cerasuolo, D., Dechelotte, P., Ladner, J., & Baguet, A. (2019). Does binge drinking be- tween the age of 18 and 25 years predict alcohol dependence in adulthood? A retrospective case-control study in France. BMJ Open, 9(5), Article e026375. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026375

Treloar-Padovano, H., & Miranda, R. (2021). Incubation of alcohol craving as it naturally occurs in a developmental- ly diverse sample of dependent and nondependent drinkers. Addiction Biology, 26(3), Article e12934. https://doi.org/10.1111/adb.12934

Valenstein-Mah, H., Simpson, T. L., Bowen, S., Enkema, M. C., Bird, E. R., Cho, H. I., & Larimer, M. E. (2019). Feasibility pilot of a brief mindfulness intervention for college students with posttraumatic stress symptoms and problem drin- king. Mindfulness, 10(7), 1255–1268.

Van Lier, H. G., Pieterse, M. E., Schraagen, J. M. C., Postel, M. G., Vollenbroek-Hutten, M. M. R., de Haan, H. A., & Noor- dzij, M. L. (2018). Identifying viable theoretical frameworks with essential parameters for real-time and real world alcohol craving research: a systematic review of craving models. Addiction Research and Theory, 26(1), 35-51. https://doi.org/10.1080/16066359.2017.1309525

Vinci, C., Peltier, M. R., Shah, S., Kinsaul, J., Wlado, K., McVay, M. A., & Copeland, A. L. (2014). Effects of a brief min- dfulness intervention on negative affect and urge to drink among college student drinkers. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 59, 82-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2014.05.012

Vinci, C., Peltier, M., Waldo, K., Kinsaul, J., Shah, S., Coffey, S. F., & Copeland, A. L. (2016). Examination of trait impul- sivity on the response to a brief mindfulness intervention among college student drinkers. Psychiatry Research, 242, 365-374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2016.04.115

Von Hammerstein, C., Cornil, A., Rothen, S., Romo, L., Khazaal, Y., Benyamina, A., Billieux, J., & Luquiens, A. (2020). Psychometric properties of the Transaddiction Craving Triggers Questionnaire in alcohol use disorder. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatry Research, 29(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1002/mpr.1815

Weiss, F., Aslan, A., Zhang, J., Gerchen, M. F., Kiefer, F., & Kirsch, P. (2020). Using mind control to modify cue-reactivity in AUD: the impact of mindfulness-based relapse prevention on real-time fMRI neurofeedback to modify cue-reac- tivity in alcohol use disorder: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry, 20(1), 309. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-02717-7

Wielgosz, J., Goldberg, S. B., Kral, T., Dunne, J. D., & Davidson, R. J. (2019). Mindfulness Meditation and Psychopa- thology. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 15, 285–316. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-021815-093423

Wisener, M., & Khoury, B. (2021). Specific emotion-regulation processes explain the relationship between mindful- ness and self-compassion with coping-motivated alcohol and marijuana use. Addictive Behaviors, 112, Article 106590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106590

Witkiewitz, K., Stein, E. R., Votaw, V. R., Wilson, A. D., Roos, C. R., Gallegos, S. J., Clark, V. P., & Claus, E. D. (2019a). Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention and Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation to Reduce Heavy Drinking: A Double-Blind Sham-Controlled Randomized Trial. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 43(6), 1296–1307. https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.14053

Witkiewitz, K., Wilson, A. D., Pearson, M. R., Montes, K. S., Kirouac, M., Roos, C. R., Hallgren, K. A., & Maisto, S. A. (2019b). Profiles of recovery from alcohol use disorder at three years following treatment: can the definition of re- covery be extended to include high functioning heavy drinkers?. Addiction, 114(1), 69–80. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.14403

Zgierska, A. E., Burzinski, C. A., Mundt, M. P., McClintock, A. S., Cox, J., Coe, C. L., Miller, M. M., & Fleming, M. F. (2019). Mindfulness-based relapse prevention for alcohol dependence: Findings from a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 100, 8–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2019.01.013

Zgierska, A., Rabago, D., Zuelsdorff, M., Coe, C., Miller, M. y Fleming, M. (2008). Mindfulness Meditation for Alcohol Relapse Prevention: A Feasibility Pilot Study. Journal of Addiction Medicine, 2(3), 165–173. https://doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0b013e31816f8546