Métodos indirectos para evaluar cogniciones implícitas hacia el alcohol: una revisión conceptual

Autores/as

  • María Ayelén Biscarra Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata
  • Karina Conde Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata
  • Mariana Cremonte Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata
  • Ruben Ledesma Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21134/haaj.v16i1.241

Palabras clave:

alcohol, cogniciones implícitas, métodos indirectos, modelo del doble procesamiento, revisión

Resumen

Resumen

Desde su aparición, en la década del 70, el Modelo del Doble Procesamiento (MDP) ha ganado una gran popularidad en diversos ámbitos de la psicología, entre ellos, en el estudio de las adicciones. Según este modelo existirían dos sistemas cognitivos: uno explícito, conciente y controlable; y otro implícito, automático y más ligado a la intuición y al afecto. El MDP se ha empleado para comprender los factores que subyacen a los comportamientos relacionados con el alcohol y en poco tiempo se produjo un crecimiento exponencial de las investigaciones que utilizan métodos indirectos para evaluar cogniciones implícitas hacia el alcohol (CIA). Si bien estos métodos comparten algunas características básicas, difieren en aspectos importantes (evidencias de validez disponibles, condiciones de administración, etc). Por ello, con este trabajo pretendemos ofrecer un panorama comprensivo de las distintas formas de evaluar la CIA. Esperamos que esta revisión resulte de utilidad no solo para los investigadores, sino también para los profesionales que se ocupan de los problemas relacionados con el alcohol en el ámbito clínico.

Palabras Clave: alcohol, cogniciones implícitas, métodos indirectos, modelo del doble procesamiento, revisión.

 

Abstract

Since its emergence in the 70s, the Dual Process Model (DPM) has gained wide popularity in different fields of psychology, including the study of addictions. According to this model, there are two cognitive systems: one explicit, conscious and controllable; and another implicit, automatic and linked to intuition and affection. The DPM has been used to understand mechanisms underlying alcohol related behaviors, and quickly an exponential growth of research using indirect measures to evaluate implicit cognitions toward alcohol (ICA) occurred. While these methods share some basic features, they differ in important aspects such as validity evidence available, administration procedures, etc. Therefore, in this paper we provide a comprehensive overview of the different ways to evaluate ICA. We hope this review will be useful not only for researchers but also for professionals working in the clinical area with alcohol-related problems.

Key words: alcohol, implicit cognitions, indirect measures, dual process model, review.

Descargas

Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.

Citas

Referencias

Ames, S. L., & Stacy, A. W. (1998). Implicit cognition in the prediction of substance use among drug offenders. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 12(4), 272-281.

Ataya, A. F., Adams, S., Mullings, E., Cooper, R. M., Attwood, A. S., & Munafò, M. R. (2012). Internal reliability of measures of substance-related cognitive bias. Drug and alcohol dependence, 121(1), 148-151.

Austin, J., & Smith, J. E. (2008). Drinking for negative reinforcement: The semantic priming of alcohol concepts. Addictive Behaviors, 33(12), 1572–1580.

Bargh, J. A. (1994). The four horsemen of automaticity: Awareness, intention, efficiency, and control in social cognition. In R. S. Wyer, Jr. & T. K. Srull (Eds.), Handbook of social cognition (pp. 1–40). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Barkby, H., Dickson, J.M., Roper, L., & Field, M. (2012). To Approach or Avoid Alcohol? Automatic and Self-Reported Motivational Tendencies in Alcohol Dependence. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 36, 361-368.

Birch, C. D., Stewart, S. H., Wiers, R. W., Klein, R. M., MacLean, A. D., & Berish, M. J. (2008). The mood-induced activation of implicit alcohol cognition in enhancement and coping motivated drinkers. Addictive Behaviors, 33(4), 565-581.

Biscarra, M.A., Conde, K., & Cremonte, M. (2015). A state of the art review of implicit alcohol related cognition. Manuscrito no publicado.

Briñol, P., De la Corte, L. y Becerra, A. (2001). Qué es persuasión. Madrid: Biblioteca Nueva.

Campos-Melady, M., & Smith, J. E. (2012). Memory associations between negative emotions and alcohol on the lexical decision task predict alcohol use in women. Addictive behaviors, 37(1), 60-66.

Chaiken, S., & Trope, Y. (Eds.). (1999). Dual process theories in social psychology. New York: Guilford Press.

Christiansen, P., & Bloor, J. F. (2014). Individualised but not general alcohol Stroop predicts alcohol use. Drug and alcohol dependence, 134, 410-413.

Conner, M. T., & Sparks, P. (2002). Ambivalence and attitudes. European Review of Social Psychology, 12, 37–70.

Conner, M. T., Perugini, M., O’Gorman, R., Ayres, K., & Prestwich, A. (2007). Relations between implicit and explicit measures of attitudes and measures of behavior: Evidence of moderation by individual difference variables. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 1727–1740.

Cox, W. M., Brown, M. A., & Rowlands, L. J. (2003). The effects of alcohol cue exposure on non-dependent drinkers’attentional bias for alcohol-related stimuli. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 38(1), 45-49.

Cox, W. M., Fadardi, J. S., & Pothos, E. M. (2006). The addiction-Stroop test: Theoretical considerations and procedural recommendations. Psychological Bulletin, 132, 443–476.

De Houwer, J. (2001). A structural and process analysis of the Implicit Association Test. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 37(6), 443-451.

De Houwer, J. (2003). The extrinsic affective Simon task. Experimental psychology, 50(2), 77.

De Houwer, J., & De Bruycker, E. (2007). The identification-EAST as a valid measure of implicit attitudes toward alcohol-related stimuli. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 38(2), 133–43. doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2006.10.004

De Houwer, J., Crombez, G., Baeyens, F., & Hermans, D. (2001). On the generality of the affective Simon effect. Cognition & Emotion, 15(2), 189-206.

De Houwer, J., Crombez, G., Koster, E. H., & De Beul, N. (2004). Implicit alcohol-related cognitions in a clinical sample of heavy drinkers. Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry, 35(4), 275-286.

Dickson, J. M., Gately, C., & Field, M. (2013). Alcohol dependent patients have weak negative rather than strong positive implicit alcohol associations. Psychopharmacology, 228(4), 603-610.

Fadardi, J. S., & Cox, W. M. (2009). Reversing the sequence: reducing alcohol consumption by overcoming alcohol attentional bias. Drug and alcohol dependence, 101(3), 137-145.

Fazio, R. H. (1990). Multiple processes by which attitudes guide behavior: The MODE model as an integrative framework. Advances in experimental social psychology, 23, 75-109.

Fazio, R.H., Sanbonmatsu, D.M., Powell, M.C., & Kardes, F. R. (1986). On the automatic activation of attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 229-238.

Field, M., Caren, R., Fernie, G., & De Houwer, J. (2011). Alcohol approach tendencies in heavy drinkers: Comparison of effects in a Relevant Stimulus-Response Compatibility Task and an approach / avoidance Simon task. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 25, 466-476.

Forestell, C. A., Dickter, C. L., & Young, C. M. (2012). Take me away: The relationship between escape drinking and attentional bias for alcohol-related cues. Alcohol, 46(6), 543-549.

Fridrici, C., Leichsenring-Driessen, C., Driessen, M., Wingenfeld, K., Kremer, G., & Beblo, T. (2013). The individualized alcohol Stroop task: No attentional bias toward personalized stimuli in alcohol-dependents. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 27(1), 62-70.

Gadon, L., Bruce, G., McConnochie, F., & Jones, B. T. (2004). Negative alcohol consumption outcome associations in young and mature adult social drinkers: A route to drinking restraint? Addictive behaviors, 29(7), 1373-1387.

Gawronski, B., & Payne, B. K. (Eds.). (2010). Handbook of implicit social cognition: Measurement, theory, and applications. New York: Guilford Press.

Goldberg, E., & Podell, K. (2000). Adaptive decision making, ecological validity, and the frontal lobes. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 22(1), 56-68.

Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. L. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: the implicit association test. Journal of personality and social psychology, 74(6), 1464.

Greenwald, A. G., Poehlman, T. A., Uhlmann, E. L., & Banaji, M. R. (2009). Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: III. Meta-analysis of predictive validity. Journal of personality and social psychology, 97(1), 17.

Hallgren, K. (2011). Alcohol-related attentional bias: The role of support networks (Doctoral dissertation).

Halpern-Felsher, B. L., & Cauffman, E. (2001). Costs and benefits of a decision: Decision-making competence in adolescents and adults. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 22(3), 257-273.

Houben, K., & Wiers, R. W. (2006a). Assessing implicit alcohol associations with the Implicit Association Test: Fact or artifact? Addictive behaviors, 31(8), 1346-1362.

Houben, K., & Wiers, R. W. (2006b). A test of the salience asymmetry interpretation of the alcohol-IAT. Experimental psychology, 53(4), 292.

Houben, K., & Wiers, R. W. (2007). Are drinkers implicitly positive about drinking alcohol? Personalizing the alcohol-IAT to reduce negative extrapersonal contamination. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 42(4), 301-307.

Houben, K., & Wiers, R. W. (2008). Implicitly positive about alcohol? Implicit positive associations predict drinking behavior. Addictive behaviors, 33(8), 979-986.

Houben, K., & Wiers, R. W. (2009). Response inhibition moderates the relationship between implicit associations and drinking behavior. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 33(4), 626-633.

Houben, K., Nosek, B. A, & Wiers, R. W. (2010). Seeing the forest through the trees: a comparison of different IAT variants measuring implicit alcohol associations. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 106(2-3), 204–11. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.08.016

Jajodia, A., & Earleywine, M. (2003). Measuring alcohol expectancies with the implicit association test. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 17(2), 126–33. doi:10.1037/0893-164X.17.2.126

Jones, B. T., Bruce, G., Livingstone, S., & Reed, E. (2006). Alcohol-related attentional bias in problem drinkers with the flicker change blindness paradigm. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 20(2), 171-7.

Karpen, S. C., Jia, L., & Rydell, R. J. (2012). Discrepancies between implicit and explicit attitude measures as an indicator of attitude strength. European Journal of Social Psychology, 42(1), 24-29.

Karpinski, A., & Hilton, J. L. (2001). Attitudes and the Implicit Association Test. Journal of personality and social psychology, 81(5), 774.

Kelly, A. B., Masterman, P. W., & Marlatt, G. A. (2005). Alcohol-related associative strength and drinking behaviours: concurrent and prospective relationships. Drug and Alcohol Review, 24(6), 489–98. doi:10.1080/09595230500337675

Kersbergen, I., Woud, M. L., & Field, M. (2014). The Validity of Different Measures of Automatic Alcohol Action Tendencies. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/adb0000009.

Krank, M. D., & Goldstein, A. L. (2006). Adolescent changes in implicit cognitions and prevention of substance abuse. In R.

W. Wiers, & A. W. Stacy (Eds.), Handbook of implicit cognition and addiction (pp. 439-453). California: Sage Publications, Inc.

Lindgren, K. P., Foster, D. W., Westgate, E. C., & Neighbors, C. (2013). Implicit drinking identity: Drinker-me associations predict college student drinking consistently. Addictive Behaviors, 38(5), 2163–6. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.01.026

Lindgren, K. P., Westgate, E. C., Kilmer, J. R., Kaysen, D., & Teachman, B. A. (2012). Pick your poison: Stimuli selection in alcohol-related implicit measures. Addictive behaviors, 37(8), 990-993.

MacLeod, C., Mathews, A., & Tata, P. (1986). Attentional bias in emotional disorders. Journal of abnormal psychology, 95(1), 15-20.

Marin, M., Rubio, G., Jurado, R., Ponce, G., Martinez, I., Alvarez, M.J., Moratti, S. (2014). Relationship between psychophysiological processes involved in alcohol dependence. European Psychiatry, 1(29). doi: 10.1016/S0924-9338(14)78180-5.

McPherson, A., & Harris, L. M. (2013). Implicit and Explicit Attitudes to Alcohol in Alcohol Dependent and Non-Alcohol Dependent Samples. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 35(3), 389–393. doi:10.1007/s10862-013-9345-6.

Meyer, D. E., & Schvaneveldt, R. W. (1971). Facilitation in recognizing pairs of words: evidence of a dependence between retrieval operations. Journal of experimental psychology, 90(2), 227-34.

Nisbett, R. E., & Wilson, T. D. (1977). Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes. Psychological review, 84(3), 231-259.

Noël, X., Bechara, A., Brevers, D., Verbanck, P., & Campanella, S. (2010). Alcoholism and the loss of willpower: A neurocognitive perspective. Journal of psychophysiology, 24(4), 240-8.

Noel, J. G., & Thomson, N. R. (2012). Children’s alcohol cognitions prior to drinking onset: discrepant patterns from implicit and explicit measures. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 26(3), 451–9. doi:10.1037/a0025531

Nosek, B. A., Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (2005). Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: II. Method variables and construct validity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31(2), 166-180.

Nosek, B. A., Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (2007). The Implicit Association Test at Age 7: A Methodological and Conceptual Review. In J. A. Bargh (Ed.), Automatic processes in social thinking and behavior (pp. 265–292). Psychology Press.

O’Connor, R. M., & Colder, C. R. (2009). Influence of Alcohol Use Experience and Motivational Drive on College Students’ Alcohol-Related Cognition. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 33(8), 1430–1439. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2009.00973.x

O'Connor, R. M., Fite, P. J., Nowlin, P. R., & Colder, C. R. (2007). Children's beliefs about substance use: an examination of age differences in implicit and explicit cognitive precursors of substance use initiation. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 21(4), 525-33.

O’Connor, R. M., Lopez-Vergara, H. I., & Colder, C. R. (2012). Implicit cognition and substance use: the role of controlled and automatic processes in children. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 73(1), 134–43.

Olson, M. A., & Fazio, R. H. (2004). Reducing the influence of extrapersonal associations on the Implicit Association Test: personalizing the IAT. Journal of personality and social psychology, 86(5), 653-67.

Ostafin, B. D., & Brooks, J. J. (2011). Drinking for relief: Negative affect increases automatic alcohol motivation in coping-motivated drinkers. Motivation and Emotion, 35(3), 285–295. doi:10.1007/s11031-010-9194-5

Ostafin, B. D., Marlatt, G. A., & Greenwald, A. G. (2008). Drinking without thinking: an implicit measure of alcohol motivation predicts failure to control alcohol use. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46(11), 1210–9. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2008.08.003

Ostafin, B. D., & Palfai, T. P. (2006). Compelled to consume: the Implicit Association Test and automatic alcohol motivation. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 20(3), 322-7. doi:10.1037/0893-164X.20.3.322

Ostafin, B. D., & Palfai, T. P. (2012). When wanting to change is not enough: automatic appetitive processes moderate the effects of a brief alcohol intervention in hazardous-drinking college students. Addiction Science & Clinical Practice, 7(1), 25. doi:10.1186/1940-0640-7-25

Payne, B. K., Cheng, C. M., Govorun, O., & Stewart, B. D. (2005). An inkblot for attitudes: affect misattribution as implicit measurement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89(3), 277–93. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.89.3.277

Payne, B.K. & Gawronski, B. (2010). A history of implicit social cognition: where is it coming from? Where is it now? Where is it going?. In B. Gawronski & B.K. Payne (Eds), Handbook of implicit social cognition (pp. 1-19). New York: Guilford Press.

Payne, B. K., Govorun, O., & Arbuckle, N. L. (2008). Automatic attitudes and alcohol: Does implicit liking predict drinking? Cognition & Emotion, 22(2), 238–271. doi:10.1080/02699930701357394

Perugini, M., Richetin, J., & Zogmaister, C. (2010). Prediction of Behavior. In B. Gawronski & B.K. Payne (Eds), Handbook of implicit social cognition (pp. 255-278). New York: Guilford Press.

Pieters, S., Burk, W. J., Van der Vorst, H., Engels, R. C., & Wiers, R. W. (2014). Impulsive and reflective processes related to alcohol use in young adolescents. Frontiers in psychiatry, 5: 56. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00056

Ralston, T. E., & Palfai, T. P. (2012). Depressive symptoms and the implicit evaluation of alcohol : The moderating role of coping motives. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 122(1-2), 149–151. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.09.011

Roefs, A., Huijding, J., Smulders, F. T. Y., MacLeod, C. M., de Jong, P. J., Wiers, R. W., & Jansen, A. T. M. (2011). Implicit measures of association in psychopathology research. Psychological Bulletin, 137(1), 149–93. doi:10.1037/a0021729

Rooke, S. E., Hine, D. W., & Thorsteinsson, E. B. (2008). Implicit cognition and substance use: a meta-analysis. Addictive Behaviors, 33(10), 1314–28. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.06.009

Rothermund, K., & Wentura, D. (2004). Underlying processes in the implicit association test: dissociating salience from associations. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 133(2), 139-65.

Rydell, R. J., & McConnell, A. R. (2010). Consistency and Inconsistency in Implicit Social Cognition: the case of implicit and explicit measures of attitudes. In B. Gawronski & B.K.

Payne (Eds), Handbook of implicit social cognition (pp. 295-311). New York: Guilford Press.

Sharbanee, J. M., Stritzke, W. G., Wiers, R. W., Young, P.,

Rinck, M., & MacLeod, C. (2013). The interaction of approach-alcohol action tendencies, working memory capacity, and current task goals predicts the inability to regulate drinking behavior. Psychology of addictive behaviors, 27(3), 649-661. doi: 10.1037/a0029982

Shono, Y., Grenard, J. L., Ames, S. L., & Stacy, A. W. (2014). Application of item response theory to tests of substance-related associative memory. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 28(3), 852-62. doi: 10.1037/a0035877

Sloman, S. a. (1996). The empirical case for two systems of reasoning. Psychological Bulletin, 119(1), 3–22. doi:10.1037//0033-2909.119.1.3

Spence, A. (2005). Using implicit tasks in attitude research: A review and a guide. Social Psychological Review, 7, 2-17.

Spruyt, A., De Houwer, J., Tibboel, H., Verschuere, B., Crombez, G., Verbanck, P., ... & Noël, X. (2013). On the predictive validity of automatically activated approach/avoidance tendencies in abstaining alcohol-dependent patients. Drug and alcohol dependence, 127(1), 81-86.

Stacy, A. W., Leigh, B. C., & Weingardt, K. R. (1994). Memory accessibility and association of alcohol use and its positive outcomes. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 2(3), 269-82.

Stacy, A. W., Leigh, B. C., & Weingardt, K. (1997). An individual-difference perspective applied to word association. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23(3), 229-237.

Stroop, J. R. (1935). Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 18, 643–662.

Thush, C., Wiers, R. W., Ames, S. L., Grenard, J. L., Sussman, S., & Stacy, A. W. (2007). Apples and oranges? Comparing indirect measures of alcohol-related cognition predicting alcohol use in at-risk adolescents. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 21(4), 587–91. doi:10.1037/0893-164X.21.4.587

Townshend, J., & Duka, T. (2001). Attentional bias associated with alcohol cues: differences between heavy and occasional social drinkers. Psychopharmacology, 157(1), 67-74.

Van Hemel-Ruiter, M., de Jong, P., & Wiers, R. (2011). Appetitive and regulatory processes in young adolescent drinkers. Addictive Behaviors, 36, 18–26. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2010.08.002

Wiers, R. W., van Woerden, N., Smulders, F. T. Y., & de Jong, P. J. (2002). Implicit and explicit alcohol-related cognitions in heavy and light drinkers. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111(4), 648–658. doi:10.1037//0021-843X.111.4.648

Wiers, R., & de Jong, P. (2006). Implicit and explicit alcohol, smoking and drug-related cognitions and emotions. In J. Z. Arlsdale (Ed.), Advances in Social Psychology Reaserch (pp. 1–35). Nova Science Publishers, Inc.

Wiers, R. W., & Stacy, A. W. (2006). Implicit cognition and addiction. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 15(6), 292-296.

Wiers, R. W., Bartholow, B. D., van den Wildenberg, E., Thush, C., Engels, R. C. M. E., Sher, K. J., … Stacy, A. W. (2007). Automatic and controlled processes and the development of addictive behaviors in adolescents: a review and a model. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior, 86(2), 263–83. doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2006.09.021

Wiers, R. W., Rinck, M., Dictus, M., & van den Wildenberg, E. (2009). Relatively strong automatic appetitive action-tendencies in male carriers of the OPRM1 G-allele. Genes, Brain, and Behavior, 8(1), 101–6. doi:10.1111/j.1601-183X.2008.00454.x

Wiers, R. W., van de Luitgaarden, J., van den Wildenberg, E., & Smulders, F. T. Y. (2005). Challenging implicit and explicit alcohol-related cognitions in young heavy drinkers. Addiction, 100(6), 806–19. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.01064.x

Wiers, R. W., Rinck, M., Kordts, R., Houben, K., & Strack, F. (2010). Re-training automatic action-tendencies to approach alcohol in hazardous drinkers. Addiction, 105, 279–287.

Zack, M., Poulos, C. X., Fragopoulos, F., & MacLeod, C. M. (2003). Effects of negative and positive mood phrases on priming of alcohol words in young drinkers with high and low anxiety sensitivity. Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology, 11(2), 176-85.

Zack, M., Toneatto, T., & MacLeod, C. M. (1999). Implicit activation of alcohol concepts by negative affective cues distinguishes between problem drinkers with high and low psychiatric distress. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 108(3), 518-31.

Descargas

Publicado

2016-01-31

Cómo citar

Biscarra, M. A., Conde, K., Cremonte, M., & Ledesma, R. (2016). Métodos indirectos para evaluar cogniciones implícitas hacia el alcohol: una revisión conceptual. Health and Addictions/Salud Y Drogas, 16(1), 5–18. https://doi.org/10.21134/haaj.v16i1.241

Número

Sección

Artículos